Phase change energy storage technology is one of the key technologies to promote the in-depth implementation of the goals of “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality”. With the continuous development of integration of transportation and energy, phase-change energy storage technology is increasingly widely used in the field of transportation, and has attracted more and more researchers’ attention. In this paper, phase change energy storage technology was systematically classified, including phase change heat storage technology and phase change cold storage technology. The materials and optimization technologies of phase change heat storage and phase change cold storage were introduced respectively, including increasing thermal conductivity, reducing supercooling degree, inhibiting phase separation and regulating phase change temperature. The comprehensive application and innovation of phase change energy storage technology in cold chain transportation, electric vehicles and aerospace were summarized, including the application of phase change materials in the envelope structure of refrigerated vehicles, cold storage plates, refrigeration units, battery thermal management systems, cooling/heating systems, and deep space exploration thermal management systems. Finally, the problems facing the practical application of phase-change energy storage technology in the field of transportation were summarized comprehensively. It was pointed out that the development of high-performance phase-change materials, and materials with excellent sealing, as well as the optimization of energy storage efficiency of phase-change energy storage systems were the focuses of future researchers in this field.