[Purposes] This study aims to delve into the profound impact of insufficient compaction on the mesoscopic structure of pores within asphalt mixtures. [Methods] The exploration of asphalt mixture pore mesostructural features under different compaction levels includes the analysis of pore quantity, volume, spindle orientation, and coordination numbers. [Findings] Throughout the asphalt mixture formation process, the principal axes of internal voids gradually stabilize under the influence of external compaction forces. Additionally, with an increase in compaction cycles, the majority of voids within the asphalt mixture diminish in size. However, some adjacent open voids gradually coalesce, forming larger open voids. Ultimately, as compaction intensity rises, the average coordination number of voids decreases, leading to a reduction in void connectivity and a gradual simplification of the overall void network complexity. [Conclusions] This research endeavors to enhance the comprehension of the mesoscopic variations in pore structures within asphalt mixtures under different compaction levels, offering a more scientifically grounded basis for the design, evaluation, and maintenance of asphalt mixtures.