Geopolymer is a new type of inorganic cementitious material developed in recent years. It not only realizes the resource reuse of industrial solid wastes, but also contributes to the reduced energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, and is considered a green cementitious material with the potential to replace ordinary Portland cement (OPC). To address the durability of geopolymer concrete, this paper compared and summarized the durability performance of geopolymer concrete and cement-based concrete from four aspects, namely, the resistance to chemical attack (salt and acid resistance), carbonation, chloride penetration, and frost resistance. It was found that geopolymer concrete exhibited superior chemical resistance, chloride penetration resistance, and frost resistance, but slightly lower carbonation resistance than cement-based concrete. However, due to the diversity of raw materials, the microstructure, mechanical properties, and deterioration mechanisms were different for each type of geopolymer concrete, thereby resulting in large differences in their durability. Under these environmental attacks, the deterioration mechanisms of geopolymer concrete were mainly attributed to the dissolved hydration products, the formed expansion products, the generated cracks, and the increased porosity.