[Purposes] This study aims at exploring the effects of land use change on water and sediment changes in the Lushui Basin. [Methods] Based on remote sensing image data and measured water and sediment data, this study analyzes the trend of water and sediment changes and their response to land use changes in the Lushui Basin. Further, the CA-Markov urban expansion model and HSPF （hydrologic simulation program-Fortran） hydrological model were constructed to quantify the impacts of land use changes and climate change on runoff and sand transport. Based on models, future land use scenarios in the Lushui Basin were predicted and future water and sand process were simulated. [Findings] The area of built-up land in the Lushui Basin has continued to grow since 1980. The measured runoff in the Lushui Basin showed an increasing trend and the sand transport showed a decreasing trend, with the abrupt change points in 1988 and 1998 respectively. The contribution of climate change and human activities to the increase of runoff is 49.53%, 50.47%, and the contribution to the decrease of sand transport is 3.45% and 96.55%, respectively. The land use scenario till the 2030 under the implementation of the arable land protection policy safeguards the area of arable land without significantly exacerbating the problem of soil erosion, and takes into account socio-economic development and urbanization. [Conclusions] The increase in runoff in the Lushui Basin after 1988 was the result of a combination of land-use change and climate change， while the significant decrease of sand transport in the basin after 1998 was largely attributed to land-use change.