The emerging pollutant-microplastics can lead to prolonged and complex ecological effects. Under the influence of complex and diverse microplastic pollution sources, the problem of microplastics in Dongting Lake Area deserves attention. Based on the results of published studies, this study reviews the microplastic pollution characteristics and their relationship with agriculture and rural areas in Dongting Lake Area. Dongting Lake Area is generally threatened by medium-level microplastic pollution. Rural residents and agricultural production will bring numerous microplastics to Dongting Lake ecosystem. Microplastics entering the ecosystem pose threats to the health of residents/tourists and the growth of cultivated animals/crops. Based on the environmental characteristics of rural areas and agriculture, and current situation of microplastic pollution in Dongting Lake Area, the follow-up researches should focus on 1) carrying out more systematic and scientific monitoring; 2) tracing the source of microplastic pollution in Dongting Lake Area; 3) conducting biotoxicity research in the actual situation; 4) formulate specific measures to manage and control microplastic pollution.