In order to quantitatively analyze the influencing factors of the uncertainty of compression rebound modulus test results of asphalt mixture, the factors affecting the uncertainty were listed through the test process of compression rebound modulus and the gradual decomposition and analysis of its mathematical model. According to the theory of measurement uncertainty, the standard uncertainty introduced by each factor was calculated, and the extended uncertainty report of compression rebound modulus of AC-16 mixture was given. The results show that the most fundamental factor affecting the measurement uncertainty of compression rebound modulus of AC-16 mixture is the inhomogeneity of the material composition in the specimen. Compared with the traditional measurement results, the interval results converted by the extended uncertainty report are more scientific and reasonable in quantitative evaluation. Considering the influence of uncertainty on the measurement results, a more reliable result can be obtained. The evaluation process of the measurement uncertainty of compression rebound modulus of AC-16 mixture can provide some reference for the experimental analysis under the same condition.